{ 1 } - fell on lean times among most philosophers.
{ 2 } - was a thriving enterprise among most philosophers.

Many philosophers (except those in the Roman Catholic tradition) took science to be the only way of knowing. Many positivist philosophers argued that "God exists" is nonsensical (not literally true or false), because there's no way to verify by sense experience whether the claim is true. Hence religious beliefs weren't taken very seriously.